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Mount Hood, also known as Wy'east, is an active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range and is a member of the Cascade Volcanic Arc. It was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific Coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located about east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties, and forms part of the Mount Hood National Forest. Much of the mountain outside the ski areas is part of the Mount Hood Wilderness. With a summit elevation of 11,249 ft (3,429 m), it is the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Oregon and is the fourth highest in the Cascade Range. Ski areas on the mountain include Timberline Lodge ski area which offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America, Mount Hood Meadows, Mount Hood Skibowl, Summit Ski Area, and Cooper Spur ski area. Mt. Hood attracts an estimated 10,000 climbers a year.
The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and . Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt.Most likely to erupt based on history; see The odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7%, so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) characterizes it as "potentially active", but the mountain is informally considered Dormant volcano.
The mountain has four : Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, and Cooper Spur. They total over of skiable terrain; Timberline, with one lift having a base at nearly , offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America.
There are a few remaining shelters on Mount Hood still in use today. Those include the Coopers Spur, Cairn Basin, and McNeil Point shelters as well as the Tilly Jane A-frame cabin. The summit was home to a fire lookout in the early 1900s; however, the lookout did not withstand the weather and no longer remains today.
Mount Hood is within the Mount Hood National Forest, which comprises of land, including four designated wilderness areas that total , and more than of hiking trails.
The most northwestern pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass. Native Americans crossed the pass while traveling between the Willamette Valley and Celilo Falls.
In one version of Balch's story, the two sons of the Great Spirit Sahale fell in love with the beautiful maiden Loowit, who could not decide which to choose. The two braves, Wy'east and Pahto (unnamed in his novel, but appearing in a later adaptation), burned forests and villages in their battle over her. Sahale became enraged and smote the three lovers. Seeing what he had done, he erected three mountain peaks to mark where each fell. He made beautiful Mount St. Helens for Loowit, proud and erect Mount Hood for Wy'east, and the somber Mount Adams for the mourning Pahto.
There are other versions of the legend. In another telling, Wy'east (Hood) battles Pahto (Adams) for the fair La-wa-la-clough (St. Helens). Or again Wy'east, the chief of the Multnomah people, competed with the chief of the Klickitat tribe. Their great anger led to their transformation into volcanoes. Their battle is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods and thus created the great Cascades Rapids of the Columbia River.
Learning a landscape is not simply a matter of naming all the rivers and mountains... The Native American perspective emphasizes by contrast places as focal points of activity, places where significant human-landscape interactions occur. Thus, while a few prominent peaks may be given Indian names, such as taxùma təqʷuʔməʔ for Mount Rainier (in the Lushootseed) or lawilayt-łà lawílatɬa, literally "the smoker," for Mt. St. Helens (in Sahaptin), other prominent peaks, e.g. Mts. Adams and Hood, are known simply as pàtu, a general term for snow-capped summit.
Two French explorers from the Hudson's Bay Company may have traveled into the Dog River area east of Mount Hood in 1818. They reported climbing to a glacier on "Montagne de Neige" ( Mountain of Snow), probably Eliot Glacier.
The last three eruptions at Mount Hood occurred within the past 1,800 years from vents high on the southwest flank and produced deposits that were distributed primarily to the south and west along the Sandy and Zigzag River rivers. The volcano has had a VEI of 2 at least three times before. The last eruptive period took place around 220 to 170 years ago, when dacitic lava domes, pyroclastic flows and mudflows were produced without major explosive eruptions. The prominent Crater Rock just below the summit is hypothesized to be the remains of one of these now-eroded domes. This period includes the last major eruption of 1781 to 1782 with a slightly more recent episode ending shortly before the arrival of the explorers Lewis and Clark in 1805. The latest minor eruptive event was thought to have occurred in August 1907, but has been discredited as "an observation of non-eruptive fumarolic activity."
The glaciers on the mountain's upper slopes may be a source of potentially dangerous lahars when the mountain next erupts. There are vents near the summit that are known for emitting gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the only known fatality related to volcanic activity in the Cascades occurred in 1934, when a climber suffocated in oxygen-poor air while exploring ice caves melted by in Coalman Glacier on Mount Hood.
Since 1950, there have been several each year at Mount Hood, most notably in July 1980 and June 2002.
Seismic activity is monitored by the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, which issues weekly updates (and daily updates if significant eruptive activity is occurring at a Cascades volcano).
The most recent evidence of volcanic activity at Mount Hood consists of fumaroles near Crater Rock and hot springs on the flanks of the volcano.
Three monitoring stations were eventually installed on Mount Hood in 2020.
Early explorers on the Columbia River estimated the elevation to be . Two people in Thomas J. Dryer's 1854 expedition calculated the elevation to be and the tree line to be at . Two months later, a Mr. Belden claimed to have climbed the mountain during a hunting trip and determined it to be upon which "pores oozed blood, eyes bled, and blood rushed from their ears." Sometime by 1866, Reverend G. H. Atkinson determined it to be . A Portland engineer used surveying methods from a Portland baseline and calculated a height of between . Many maps distributed in the late 19th century cited , though Mitchell's School Atlas gave as the correct value. For some time, many references assumed Mount Hood to be the highest point in North America.
Modern height surveys also vary, but not by the huge margins seen in the past. A 1993 survey by a scientific party that arrived at the peak's summit with of electronic equipment reported a height of , claimed to be accurate to within . Many modern sources likewise list as the height. However, numerous others place the peak's height one foot lower, at . Finally, a height of has also been reported.
The glaciers and permanent snow fields have an area of and contain a volume of about . Eliot Glacier is the largest glacier by volume at , and has the thickest depth measured by ice radar at . The largest glacier by surface area is the Coe-Ladd Glacier system at .
Glaciers and snowfields cover about 80 percent of the mountain above the level. The glaciers declined by an average of 34 percent from 1907 to 2004. Glaciers on Mount Hood retreated through the first half of the 20th century, advanced or at least slowed their retreat in the 1960s and 1970s, and have since returned to a pattern of retreat. The neo-glacial maximum extents formed in the early 18th century.
During the last major glacial event between 29,000 and 10,000 years ago, glaciers reached down to the level, a distance of from the summit. The retreat released considerable outwash, some of which filled and flattened the upper Hood River Valley near Parkdale and formed Dee Flat.
Older glaciation produced moraines near Brightwood and distinctive cuts on the southeast side; they may date to 140,000 years ago.
The Timberline Trail, which circumnavigates the entire mountain and rises as high as , was built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Typically, the hike is snow-free from late July until the autumn snows begin. The trail includes over of elevation gain and loss and can vary in distance year to year depending on river crossings. There are many access points, the shortest being a small walk from the Timberline Lodge. A portion of the Pacific Crest Trail is coincident with the Timberline Trail on the west side of Mount Hood.
The predecessor of the Pacific Crest Trail was the Oregon Skyline Trail, established in 1920, which connected Mount Hood to Crater Lake.
Technical ice axes, fall protection, and experience are now recommended in order to attempt the left chute variation or Pearly Gates ice chute. The Forest Service recommends several other route options due to these changes in conditions (e.g. "Old Chute," West Crater Rim, etc.).
Monitoring controversy
A conflict exists between protecting public safety and protecting the environment. In 2014, a USGS employee, Dr. Seth Moran, proposed installing new instruments on Mount Hood to warn of volcanic activity. The instruments were installed at four different locations on the mountain, including:
The proposed locations were in a protected wilderness area, tightly controlled by the United States Forest Service. The project was opposed by Wilderness Watch, a conservation group.
Elevation
Mount Hood was first seen by European explorers in 1792 and is believed to have maintained a consistent summit elevation, varying by no more than a few feet due to mild seismic activity. Elevation changes since the 1950s are predominantly due to improved survey methods and model refinements of the shape of the Earth (see vertical reference datum). Despite the physical consistency, the estimated elevation of Mount Hood has varied substantially over the years, as seen in the following table:
Glaciers
Hood is host to 12 named glaciers or , the most visited of which is Palmer Glacier, partially within the Timberline Lodge ski area and on the most popular climbing route. The glaciers are almost exclusively above the level, which also is about the average tree line elevation on Mount Hood. More than 80 percent of the glacial surface area is above .
Palmer Glacier headwaters of the Salmon River Coalman Glacier located between Crater Rock and the summit White River feeds the White River Newton Clark source of the East Fork Hood River Eliot Glacier source of Tilly Jane Creek and Eliot Branch, tributaries of Middle Fork Hood River Langille Glacier in Hood River watershed Coe Glacier source of Coe Branch, a tributary of Middle Fork Hood River Ladd Glacier source of McGee Creek, a tributary of West Fork Hood River Glisan Glacier Sandy Glacier feeds Muddy Fork, a tributary of the Sandy River Reid feeds the Sandy River Zigzag Glacier feeds the Zigzag River Total, including snow patches
Hiking
Mt. Hood National Forest is home to approximately of trails. Cooper Spur Trail leads to in elevation, the highest reachable point one can gain on the mountain without requiring mountaineering gear.
Climbing
Mount Hood is Oregon's highest point and a prominent landmark visible up to away. About 10,000 people attempt to climb Mount Hood each year. It has convenient access, though it presents some technical climbing challenges. There are no trails to the summit, with even the "easier" southside climbing route constituting a technical climb with crevasses, falling rocks, and often inclement weather. Ropes, ice axes, crampons and other technical mountaineering gear are necessary. Peak climbing season is generally from April to mid-June.
There are six main routes to approach the mountain, with about 30 total variations for summiting. The climbs range in difficulty from class 2 to class 5.9+ (for Acrophobia). The most popular route, dubbed the south route, begins at Timberline Lodge and proceeds up Palmer Glacier to Crater Rock, the large prominence at the head of the glacier. The route goes east around Crater Rock and crosses the Coalman Glacier on the Hogsback, a ridge spanning from Crater Rock to the approach to the summit. The Hogsback terminates at a bergschrund where the Coalman Glacier separates from the summit rock headwall. The route continues to the Pearly Gates, a gap in the summit rock formation, then right onto the summit plateau and the summit proper.
Climbing accidents
As of May 2002, more than 130 people had died in climbing-related accidents since records have been kept on Mount Hood, the first in 1896. Incidents in May 1986, December 2006, and December 2009 attracted intense national and international media interest. Though avalanches are a common hazard on other glaciated mountains, most Mount Hood climbing deaths are the result of falls and hypothermia.
Around 50 people require rescue per year. 3.4 percent of search and rescue missions in 2006 were for mountain climbers.
Climate
The summit of Mount Hood has a typical dry-summer alpine climate (Köppen: ETs), with temperatures below eight months of the year and no month with an average temperature above . Even in the hottest months, nightly average temperatures often dip below , and frost occurs almost every day, even in summer or the hottest time of year. Otherwise, all months have a dew point below .
See also
External links
Categories: Highest Points Of U.s. States, Landforms Of Hood River County, Oregon, Mount Hood National Forest, Mountains Of Clackamas County, Oregon, Mountains Of Oregon, Subduction Volcanoes, Volcanoes Of Clackamas County, Oregon, Stratovolcanoes Of Oregon, Volcanoes Of Oregon, Cascade Volcanoes, Pleistocene Stratovolcanoes, Holocene Stratovolcanoes, Active Volcanoes, Vei-2 Volcanoes
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